MuddyWater, a long-running Iranian cyber-espionage group affiliated with Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), has established itself as one of the most persistent state-backed threats on the global stage. Active since at least 2017, the group has built a reputation for blending off-the-shelf tools with custom malware to achieve its goals. Over the past […]

Introduction digital analytics tools—such as link shorteners, location trackers, CAPTCHAs, and advertising networks—are essential to the modern digital ecosystem. They help system administrators improve efficiency, marketers deliver targeted content, and brands enhance visibility, all while making online information more accessible, relevant, and actionable. However, just as these tools can be used for good, they can also be […]

Scattered Spider (also known by aliases such as 0ktapus, Muddled Libra, Roasted 0ktapus, Scatter Swine, UNC3944, Octo Tempest, Storm-0971, DEV-0971, and Starfraud1) is recognized as a highly active and rapidly evolving cybercriminal group, notable for its adaptability and sophistication. The group has been operational since at least May 2022 and is primarily financially motivated, orchestrating […]